Błędy poznawcze

Błąd poznawczy to wzorzec nieracjonalnego spostrzegania rzeczywistości, który ma bezpośredni wpływ na nasze postawy, emocje, rozumowanie i zachowania.

Jest to ogólne określenie opisujące sytuację, w której człowiek w sposób nieracjonalny postrzega rzeczywistość. Chociaż często wydaje nam się, że działamy w pełni racjonalnie, niestety nie jest to prawda, co może mieć negatywny wpływ na nasze decyzje i projekty.

Błędy poznawcze są powszechne – można je zaobserwować u większości ludzi, a ich badaniem zajmują się nauki społeczne.

błędy poznawcze

Źródło: https://tommccallum.medium.com/188-cognitive-biases-a1e6792dafaf

Pełna lista błędów poznawczych

 

1. Absent-mindedness 2. Actor-observer bias 3. Affective Bias 4. Ambiguity bias
5. Anchoring 6. Anecdotal fallacy 7. Anthropomorphism 8. Appeal to novelty
9. Appeal to probability fallacy 10. Argument from fallacy 11. Association fallacy 12. Attentional bias
13. Authority bias 14. Automation bias 15. Availability heuristic 16. Baader-Meinhof phenomenon
17. Backfire effect 18. Bandwagon effect 19. Barnum effect 20. Base rate fallacy
21. Belief bias 22. Bias blind spot 23. Bike-shedding effect 24. Bizarreness effect
25. Cheerleader effect 26. Choice-supportive bias 27. Clustering illusion 28. Cognitive dissonance
29. Cognitive Ease 30. Confabulation 31. Confirmation bias 32. Congruence bias
33. Conjunction bias 34. Conjunction fallacy 35. Conservatism 36. Context effect
37. Continued influence effect 38. Contrast effect 39. Cross-race effect 40. Cryptomnesia
41. Cue-dependent forgetting 42. Curse of knowledge 43. Declinism 44. Decoy effect
45. Defensive attribution hypothesis 46. Denomination effect 47. Disposition effect 48. Distinction bias
49. Dunning-Kruger effect 50. Duration neglect 51. Efekt cocktail party 52. Efekt Pigmaliona
53. Effort justification 54. Egocentric bias 55. Empathy gap 56. Endowment effect
57. Escalation of commitment 58. Essentialism 59. Expectation bias 60. Experimenter’s bias
61. Extrinsic incentive error 62. Fading affect bias 63. False consensus effect 64. False memory
65. Familiarity bias 66. Focusing effect 67. Framing effect 68. Frequency illusion
69. Functional fixedness 70. Fundamental attribution error 71. G.I. Joe Fallacy 72. Gambler’s fallacy
73. Generation effect 74. Google effect 75. Group attribution error 76. Halo effect
77. Hard-easy effect 78. Hindsight bias 79. Hot-hand fallacy 80. Humor effect
81. Hyperbolic discounting 82. Identifiable victim effect 83. IKEA effect 84. Illusion of asymmetric insight
85. Illusion of control 86. Illusion of external agency 87. Illusion of transparency 88. Illusion of validity
89. Illusory correlation 90. Illusory superiority 91. Illusory truth effect 92. Impact bias
93. Implicit associations 94. Implicit stereotypes 95. In-group bias 96. Information bias
97. Insensitivity to sample size 98. Irrational escalation 99. Just-world hypothesis 100. Knew-it-all-along phenomenon
101. Lake Wobegon effect 102. Law of triviality 103. Less-is-better effect 104. Leveling and sharpening
105. Levels of processing effect 106. Life-length effect 107. Loss aversion 108. Magic number 7±2
109. Masked man fallacy 110. Memory inhibition 111. Mental accounting 112. Mere exposure effect
113. Misattribution of memory 114. Misinformation effect 115. Modality effect 116. Money illusion
117. Mood-congruent memory bias 118. Moral credential effect 119. Moral luck 120. Murphy’s law
121. Naive cynicism 122. Naive realism 123. Name-letter effect 124. Negativity bias
125. Neglect of probability 126. Next in line effect 127. Normalcy bias 128. Not invented here
129. Observer effect 130. Observer-expectancy effect 131. Occam’s razor 132. Omission bias
133. Optimism bias 134. Ostrich effect 135. Out-group homogeneity bias 136. Outcome bias
137. Overconfidence effect 138. Pareidolia 139. Part-list cueing effect 140. Peak-end rule
141. Peltzman effect 142. Pessimism bias 143. Picture superiority effect 144. Placebo effect
145. Planning fallacy 146. Positivity effect 147. Post-purchase rationalization 148. Prejudice
149. Primacy effect 150. Principle of least effort 151. Pro-innovation bias 152. Processing difficulty effect
153. Projection bias 154. Pseudocertainty effect 155. Reactance 156. Reactive devaluation
157. Recency effect 158. Recency illusion 159. Regression to the mean 160. Representativeness heuristic
161. Restraint bias 162. Retrospective bias 163. Reverse psychology 164. Rhyme as reason effect
165. Risk compensation 166. Rosy retrospection 167. Selective perception 168. Self-consistency bias
169. Self-relevance bias 170. Self-serving bias 171. Semmelweis reflex 172. Serial position effect
173. Serial recall effect 174. Similarity bias 175. Social comparison bias 176. Social desirability bias
177. Source confusion 178. Spacing effect 179. Spotlight effect 180. Status quo bias
181. Stereotypical bias 182. Stereotyping 183. Subadditivity effect 184. Subjective validation
185. Suffix effect 186. Suggestibility 187. Sunk cost fallacy 188. Survivorship bias
189. System justification 190. Telescoping effect 191. Testing effect 192. The Compromise Effect
193. Third-person effect 194. Time-saving bias 195. Tip of the tongue phenomenon 196. Trait ascription bias
197. Ultimate attribution error 198. Unit bias 199. Von Restorff effect 200. Weber-Fechner law
201. Well-traveled road effect 202. Zero-sum bias 203. Zero-risk bias 204. Zeigarnik effect